" But metaphors are not merely things to pass. In fact, one can see beyond them using other metaphors. It 's like the ability to comprehend experience through metaphor were a sense, as the sight or hearing or touch . G. Lakoff, M. Johnson
It 's interesting to empower the counselor as a metaphor for the language may be able to change analog patterns - dysfunctional in customer perception. Metaphor uses the same form of epistemic counselor. It may be pointed out something, suggest a solution, lower criticism, increase motivation, restructure a situation: "The metaphor is one of the most suitable means for changing the restructuring context because it is perceived differently a given experience, and it does change the interpretation and therefore the significance of that same experience" (A. Pacciolla 1991 p. 92). Likewise, the semi-direct approach, borrowing the philosophy Rogers, works by helping the client to self-exploration. The metaphor of acting indirectly facilitates communication in customer insight. Think of some people who now rise or resist the criticism against ideas that are presented in a direct way: "The metaphor is that an analog communication allows the customer to identify himself, his problems and possible alternatives in an indirect way and without any threat [...] The metaphor should be a container acceptable form content that may be rejected. It 's like sugar and dye better to swallow a bitter pill but useful "(A. Pacciolla 1991 pp. 80 to 262).
While the conscious mind gives a message (in the form of concepts, ideas, stories, pictures) that takes the "busy", he secretly sends another message to the unconscious mind through the therapeutic implication and connotation. While the conscious mind is listening to the literal aspects dell'aneddoto, suggestions carefully prepared that you are interspersed trigger unconscious associations and meanings of variables that "overflow" Finally, in the consciousness [Erickson and Rossi 1976 p. 509].
This article considered the hypothesis that the metaphor can be a useful tool to change desired by the customer, "The metaphor is symbolically and gently invite the customer to realize that around him there are better options and possibilities. The symbolism should help to convince the customer, not frightened, that change is possible [...] The metaphor is effective because it invites the person to seek an answer in a way unusual answer to a situation similar to his, but outside of its context "(A. Pacciolla 1991 pp. 74 and 88).
The imagery is an effective tool in the process of change, as used in the "appropriate time" by the counselor, you can create in the mind of the customer spaces of possibility and action that were not previously active in his field of existence. The metaphor has the power to restore, through a "mental short circuit," the horizon of the subject: "The metaphor [...] should gently and symbolically invite the patient to realize that around him there are better options and possibilities. The symbol must help the patient to believe, without scaring, that change is possible "(A. Pacciolla 1991 p. 74). The metaphor thus understood is not a mere exercise in literary or poetic, as has been understood for millennia, according to the hypothesis of Aristotle. E 'rather than, as claimed by G. Lakoff and M. Johs, the way in which we structure the concepts and reality.
The metaphor, according to George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, is a phenomenon of thought, before speech event, able to structure, understand and inform our experiences: "The metaphor is primarily a matter of thought and action and only derivatively a matter of language "(G. Lakoff, M. Johnson 1998b pp. 180 to 190). The
metaphor, according cognitive linguistics, is a cognitive device that has its roots in sensory-motor apparatus and preconceptual schemas (image schemata) that organize, direct our thinking and give meaning to our everyday actions . George Lakoff and Mark Johnson corroborate his theory, referring to what happens in terms of neural maps that describe the formation of the cross as deriving from a constant repetition of patterns within the brain system. The wording of language is nothing but an epiphenomenon of cognitive or the practical implementation of the metaphors underlying cognitive thinking. The analysis of how he built his knowledge and metaphorical mapping counselor facilitates the creation and construction of new metaphors for the client: "It is so important to repeat the good metaphors [...] but rather knowing how to invent or create or tailor of suitable and appropriate [...] There is nothing more compelling than a story or an example consistent with the principles and the mental processes of the interlocutor. " (A. Pacciolla 1991 p. 92). The counselor and then as a tailor who tailored the suit because he is able to recognize the personality type of the customer on how he loves to dress. The story told by the counselor should be structured a partire da un isomorfismo con la configurazione dei vissuti del cliente: “La metafora isomorfica è quella che ha un parallelismo strutturale che ricopia una situazione in trattamento. Ad una signora che ha il problema di due figlie che si accapigliano le si dovrebbe parlare di un giardiniere che dovrebbe curare due roseti che si arruffano e s’ingrovigliano reciprocamente” (A. Pacciolla 1991 p. 89). Conoscere la struttura delle mappature metaforiche, agevola la consapevolezza nell’operatore al crearne di nuove e non solo alla comprensione di quelle già presenti nel sistema metaforico del cliente. Analizziamo la struttura della metafora IL TEMPO E’ DENARO .
George Lakoff e Mark Johnson, per descrivere the influence of culture in structuring the experience, analyze the way in which we live TIME. In modern Western culture "live" using the conceptual metaphor TIME IS THE TIME 'MONEY.
linguistic expressions that reveal the presence of this conceptual metaphor are:
You're wasting time.
How you spend your time?
That flat tire cost me an hour.
is finishing time at your disposal.
I lost some time when I was sick.
Worth the time we lose.
You are not using your time profitably.
In questo modo risparmieremo alcune ore.
Il tempo è considerato nelle moderne società industriali alla stregua di una merce di valore, dunque ci comportiamo come se il tempo fosse una merce di valore e concepiamo il tempo alla stessa maniera: “Nella nostra cultura IL TEMPO E’ DENARO in molti modi diversi: negli scatti delle telefonate, nei salari a ore, nelle tariffe delle camere d’albergo, nei bilanci annuali, negli interessi sui prestiti, e nel pagare il proprio debito alla società scontando una condanna. Tutte queste pratiche sono relativamente recenti nella storia della razza umana, e non sono assolutamente comuni a tutte le culture. Esse si sono costituite nelle moderne industrial societies today and structure our basic everyday activities in a deep [...]. This conceptualization of time is not necessarily the only possible for human beings, it depends on our culture. There are cultures where time is none of these things "(G. Lakoff, M. Johnson 1998th pp. 26 - 27).
metaphorical concepts we use to understand the time we return a partial structure of the same: "It 's important to note that the structuring metaphor involved here is only partial and not total. If it were complete, a concept completely coincide with one another and would not only be understood in terms of another. For example, time is not really money. If we spend our time trying to do something and we do not succeed, we can not get back our time. There are time banks. I can waste my time, for you, but you can not give me back that same time, although you can spend your time in the same amount of time for me, and so on. Part of the metaphorical concept therefore does not fit or can be adapted to the real situation "(G. Lakoff, M. Johnson 1998th p. 32).
This is particularly valuable to consider in counseling. For example, a customer who lives the time mainly as money-TIME AND THE 'MONEY-can be approximated to live as long as the relationship - THE TIME 'REPORT -. The storage el 'use of this metaphor in their cognitive system will allow him to activate a different way of relating to reality. It will become a powerful new "habit", than he had known and experienced. The time lived and acted as a relationship will allow customers to experience feelings of gratitude in human relationships (see Montuschi, 1997). In such a case will be given more dominant than the realm of doing. The reports will be about how I lived - Tu (subject - the subject) rather than I - it (subject - object) (See M. Buber, 1993). This becomes the person applying for aid increase of well - being self. So the use of multiple metaphors, the integration of new metaphors to those already in the conceptual system of the customer, allows us to capture aspects of reality not previously covered.
We conclude with a discussion of Hannah Arendt, who in "The Life of the Mind" puts it thus: "It is in this sphere through the language of the metaphor of the mind returns to the world of vision to illuminate and deepen this that you can not see but can be said [...] granted to use metaphorical language allows us to think, that is to have trade con il non – sensibile, proprio perché ci consente di “portare oltre” le nostre esperienza sensibili. Non vi sono due mondi, proprio perché la metafora li unisce”(H. Arendt 1987 p. 196 – 197).
BIBLIOGRAFIA
Arendt Hanah, (1987), La vita della mente, Il Mulino, Bologna.
Buber M. (1993), Il principio dialogico, San Paolo, Milano.
Erickson M. - Rossi E. (1976), La comunicazione a due livelli e la microdinamica della trance e della suggestione, vol. 1, Astrolabio, Roma.
Giusti E., Mattacchini C., Merli C., Montanari C. (1993), Counseling professional advice from psychology to therapy, Notebooks aspic., Rome
E. Giusti, A. Ciotola (2005), Metaphors in relations and help in the areas of training, Sovera, Rome.
George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980), Metaphors We Live By, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA, trad.it. Metaphor and daily life, Bompiani Milan, 1998a.
George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1998b), Elements of cognitive linguistics, Quattroventi, Urbino.
Montuschi F. (1997), do and be. The price of free education, Cittadella Editrice, Assisi.
Pacciolla Aurelian (1991), The metaphorical communication: the language Analog psychotherapy, Ed Borla, Rome.
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